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Research Article

Online Publishing Date:
08 / 01 / 2024



Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro

Lindokuhle Christopher Mhlongo, Sylvester Werekeh Fomum, Cresswell Mseleku, Abubeker Hassen, Ignatius Verla Nsahlai.


Abstract
Objective: We assessed the combined crude plant extract (CPE) effects of Allium cepa, Ananas comosus, Bidens pilosa, Carica papaya, Nicotiana tabacum, Vernonia amygdalina, Zingiber officinale, and Aloe vanbalenii on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in vitro.
Materials and Methods: Fecal samples from naturally GIN-infected sheep and goats were incubated with L3 larvae and then treated with CPE combinations. The treated L3 was separated and counted under a light microscope to determine the synergistic or antagonistic interactions between the combined CPEs. Interactions between combined CPEs were calculated using Webb’s fractional product (WFPM) and simple (SM) methods.
Results: Animal species showed the same CPE efficacy on GINs (p > 0.05). CPE combinations, however, showed 80%–100% effective action against sheep or goat GINs. Whereas SM alone produced synergistic interactions, WFPM produced antagonistic and synergistic interactions. The most effective combination for goats was V. amygdalina + Z. officinale (100%), whereas the most effective combinations for sheep were A. cepa + C. papaya (100%), V. amygdalina + Z. officinale (100%), and A. comosus + N. tabacum (100%). Goats had a lower CPE combined efficacy (89.16% ± 0.95%) than sheep (95.45% ± 0.95%) (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Combined CPEs that were effective in the current study should be studied in vivo.

Key words: Endoparasites; ethnoveterinary medicine; small ruminants


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Mhlongo LC, Fomum SW, Mseleku C, Hassen A, Nsahlai IV. Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Vet. Res. Notes. 2023; 3(12): 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34

Web Style

Mhlongo LC, Fomum SW, Mseleku C, Hassen A, Nsahlai IV. Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. https://www.vetresnotes.com/?mno=171066 [Access: April 24, 2024]. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Mhlongo LC, Fomum SW, Mseleku C, Hassen A, Nsahlai IV. Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Vet. Res. Notes. 2023; 3(12): 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Mhlongo LC, Fomum SW, Mseleku C, Hassen A, Nsahlai IV. Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Vet. Res. Notes. (2023), [cited April 24, 2024]; 3(12): 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34


Harvard Style

Mhlongo, L. C., Fomum, . S. W., Mseleku, . C., Hassen, . A. & Nsahlai, . I. V. (2023) Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Vet. Res. Notes, 3 (12), 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34


Turabian Style

Mhlongo, Lindokuhle Christopher, Sylvester Werekeh Fomum, Cresswell Mseleku, Abubeker Hassen, and Ignatius Verla Nsahlai. 2023. Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Veterinary Research Notes, 3 (12), 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34


Chicago Style

Mhlongo, Lindokuhle Christopher, Sylvester Werekeh Fomum, Cresswell Mseleku, Abubeker Hassen, and Ignatius Verla Nsahlai. "Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro." Veterinary Research Notes 3 (2023), 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Mhlongo, Lindokuhle Christopher, Sylvester Werekeh Fomum, Cresswell Mseleku, Abubeker Hassen, and Ignatius Verla Nsahlai. "Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro." Veterinary Research Notes 3.12 (2023), 95-100. Print. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Mhlongo, L. C., Fomum, . S. W., Mseleku, . C., Hassen, . A. & Nsahlai, . I. V. (2023) Effect of combined crude plant extracts on sheep and goat gastrointestinal nematodes in vitro. Veterinary Research Notes, 3 (12), 95-100. doi:10.5455/vrn.2023.c34




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    Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET), Prof. Nazmul H. Nazir, DVM, MS, PhD, Dept. of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, BANGLADESH. E-mail: bdvetnet@gmail.com or nazir@bau.edu.bd
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